Management of upper respiratory tract infections by different medical practices, including homeopathy, and consumption of antibiotics in primary care: the EPI3 cohort study in France 2007-2008.
Identifieur interne : 001290 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 001289; suivant : 001291Management of upper respiratory tract infections by different medical practices, including homeopathy, and consumption of antibiotics in primary care: the EPI3 cohort study in France 2007-2008.
Auteurs : Lamiae Grimaldi-Bensouda [France] ; Bernard Bégaud [France] ; Michel Rossignol [Canada] ; Bernard Avouac [France] ; France Lert [France] ; Frederic Rouillon [France] ; Jacques Bénichou [France] ; Jacques Massol [France] ; Gerard Duru [France] ; Anne-Marie Magnier [France] ; Lucien Abenhaim [Royaume-Uni] ; Didier Guillemot [France]Source :
- PloS one [ 1932-6203 ] ; 2014.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- Adolescent (MeSH), Adulte (MeSH), Adulte d'âge moyen (MeSH), Anti-inflammatoires (usage thérapeutique), Antibactériens (usage thérapeutique), Antipyrétiques (usage thérapeutique), Enfant (MeSH), Enfant d'âge préscolaire (MeSH), Enquêtes sur les soins de santé (MeSH), Femelle (MeSH), France (MeSH), Homéopathie (statistiques et données numériques), Humains (MeSH), Infections de l'appareil respiratoire (traitement médicamenteux), Mâle (MeSH), Médecine de famille (MeSH), Médecins généralistes (psychologie), Nourrisson (MeSH), Nouveau-né (MeSH), Prise en charge de la maladie (MeSH), Sujet âgé (MeSH), Types de pratiques des médecins (statistiques et données numériques), Études de cohortes (MeSH).
- MESH :
- psychologie : Médecins généralistes.
- statistiques et données numériques : Homéopathie, Types de pratiques des médecins.
- traitement médicamenteux : Infections de l'appareil respiratoire.
- usage thérapeutique : Anti-inflammatoires, Antibactériens, Antipyrétiques.
- Adolescent, Adulte, Adulte d'âge moyen, Enfant, Enfant d'âge préscolaire, Enquêtes sur les soins de santé, Femelle, France, Humains, Mâle, Médecine de famille, Nourrisson, Nouveau-né, Prise en charge de la maladie, Sujet âgé, Études de cohortes.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Adolescent (MeSH), Adult (MeSH), Aged (MeSH), Anti-Bacterial Agents (therapeutic use), Anti-Inflammatory Agents (therapeutic use), Antipyretics (therapeutic use), Child (MeSH), Child, Preschool (MeSH), Cohort Studies (MeSH), Disease Management (MeSH), Family Practice (MeSH), Female (MeSH), France (MeSH), General Practitioners (psychology), Health Care Surveys (MeSH), Homeopathy (statistics & numerical data), Humans (MeSH), Infant (MeSH), Infant, Newborn (MeSH), Male (MeSH), Middle Aged (MeSH), Practice Patterns, Physicians' (statistics & numerical data), Respiratory Tract Infections (drug therapy).
- MESH :
- chemical , therapeutic use : Anti-Bacterial Agents, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Antipyretics.
- drug therapy : Respiratory Tract Infections.
- psychology : General Practitioners.
- statistics & numerical data : Homeopathy, Practice Patterns, Physicians'.
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Child, Child, Preschool, Cohort Studies, Disease Management, Family Practice, Female, France, Health Care Surveys, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Middle Aged.
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Prescribing of antibiotics for upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) varies substantially in primary care.
OBJECTIVES
To describe and compare antibiotic and antipyretic/anti-inflammatory drugs use, URTI symptoms' resolution and occurrence of potentially-associated infections in patients seeking care from general practitioners (GPs) who exclusively prescribe conventional medications (GP-CM), regularly prescribe homeopathy within a mixed practice (GP-Mx), or are certified homeopathic GPs (GP-Ho).
METHOD
The EPI3 survey was a nationwide population-based study of a representative sample of 825 GPs and their patients in France (2007-2008). GP recruitment was stratified by self-declared homeopathic prescribing preferences. Adults and children with confirmed URTI were asked to participate in a standardized telephone interview at inclusion, one-, three- and twelve-month follow up. Study outcomes included medication consumption, URTI symptoms' resolution and potentially-associated infections (sinusitis or otitis media/externa) as reported by patients. Analyses included calibration to account for non-respondents and groups were compared using multivate analyses adjusting for baseline differences with a propensity score.
RESULTS
518 adults and children with URTI (79.3% rhinopharyngitis) were included (36.9% response rate comparable between groups). As opposed to GP-CM patients, patients in the GP-Ho group showed significantly lower consumption of antibiotics (Odds ratio (OR) = 0.43, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.27-0.68) and antipyretic/anti-inflammatory drugs (OR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.38-0.76) with similar evolution in related symptoms (OR = 1.16, 95% CI: 0.64-2.10). An excess of potentially-associated infections (OR = 1.70, 95% CI: 0.90-3.20) was observed in the GP-Ho group (not statistically significant). No difference was found between GP-CM and GP-Mx patients.
CONCLUSION
Patients who chose to consult GPs certified in homeopathy used less antibiotics and antipyretic/anti-inflammatory drugs for URTI than those seen by GPs prescribing conventional medications. No difference was observed in patients consulting GPs within mixed-practice. A non-statistically significant excess was estimated through modelling for associated infections in the GP-Ho group and needs to be further studied.
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089990
PubMed: 24646513
PubMed Central: PMC3960096
Affiliations:
- Canada, France, Royaume-Uni
- Angleterre, Aquitaine, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Franche-Comté, Grand Londres, Haute-Normandie, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, Québec, Région Normandie, Île-de-France
- Besançon, Bordeaux, Londres, Montréal, Paris, Rouen, Villejuif
- Université McGill
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antibiotics in primary care: the EPI3 cohort study in France 2007-2008.</title><author><name sortKey="Grimaldi Bensouda, Lamiae" sort="Grimaldi Bensouda, Lamiae" uniqKey="Grimaldi Bensouda L" first="Lamiae" last="Grimaldi-Bensouda">Lamiae Grimaldi-Bensouda</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>LA-SER, Paris, France; Pharmacoepidemiology and Infectious Diseases Research Group, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>LA-SER, Paris, France; Pharmacoepidemiology and Infectious Diseases Research Group, Pasteur Institute, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Begaud, Bernard" sort="Begaud, Bernard" uniqKey="Begaud B" first="Bernard" last="Bégaud">Bernard Bégaud</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>INSERM U657, University of Bordeaux Segalen, U657, Bordeaux, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>INSERM U657, University of Bordeaux Segalen, U657, Bordeaux</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Nouvelle-Aquitaine</region><region type="old region">Aquitaine</region><settlement type="city">Bordeaux</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rossignol, Michel" sort="Rossignol, Michel" uniqKey="Rossignol M" first="Michel" last="Rossignol">Michel Rossignol</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; LA-SER Center for Risk Research, Montreal, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; LA-SER Center for Risk Research, Montreal</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Montréal</settlement><region type="state">Québec</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université McGill</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Avouac, Bernard" sort="Avouac, Bernard" uniqKey="Avouac B" first="Bernard" last="Avouac">Bernard Avouac</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>LA-SER, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>LA-SER, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lert, France" sort="Lert, France" uniqKey="Lert F" first="France" last="Lert">France Lert</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>INSERM U1018, Center for Epidemiology and Population Health, Villejuif, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>INSERM U1018, Center for 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of the impact of health products on human health, Department of Pharmacology, University Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, Tondu Hospital - Case 41, Bordeaux, France; Department of Biostatistics, University Hospital of Rouen, Rouen, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>INSERM U657, Pharmacoepidemiology and evaluation of the impact of health products on human health, Department of Pharmacology, University Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, Tondu Hospital - Case 41, Bordeaux, France; Department of Biostatistics, University Hospital of Rouen, Rouen</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Région Normandie</region><region type="old region">Haute-Normandie</region><settlement type="city">Rouen</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Massol, Jacques" sort="Massol, Jacques" uniqKey="Massol J" first="Jacques" last="Massol">Jacques Massol</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Faculty of Medicine, University of Franche Comté, Besançon, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Medicine, University of Franche Comté, Besançon</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Bourgogne-Franche-Comté</region><region type="old region">Franche-Comté</region><settlement type="city">Besançon</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Duru, Gerard" sort="Duru, Gerard" uniqKey="Duru G" first="Gerard" last="Duru">Gerard Duru</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Cyklad Group, Rillieux la Pape, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Cyklad Group, Rillieux la Pape</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Rillieux la Pape</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Rillieux la Pape</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Magnier, Anne Marie" sort="Magnier, Anne Marie" uniqKey="Magnier A" first="Anne-Marie" last="Magnier">Anne-Marie Magnier</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Faculty of Medicine, University Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Medicine, University Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Abenhaim, Lucien" sort="Abenhaim, Lucien" uniqKey="Abenhaim L" first="Lucien" last="Abenhaim">Lucien Abenhaim</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; LA-SER Europe Limited, London, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; LA-SER Europe Limited, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guillemot, Didier" sort="Guillemot, Didier" uniqKey="Guillemot D" first="Didier" last="Guillemot">Didier Guillemot</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Pasteur Institute, Paris, France; Faculty of Medicine, University of Paris-Ile de France Ouest, Guyancourt, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Pasteur Institute, Paris, France; Faculty of Medicine, University of Paris-Ile de France Ouest, Guyancourt, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">PloS one</title><idno 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(statistiques et données numériques)</term><term>Études de cohortes (MeSH)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="therapeutic use" xml:lang="en"><term>Anti-Bacterial Agents</term><term>Anti-Inflammatory Agents</term><term>Antipyretics</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug therapy" xml:lang="en"><term>Respiratory Tract Infections</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="psychologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Médecins généralistes</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="psychology" xml:lang="en"><term>General Practitioners</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="statistics & numerical data" xml:lang="en"><term>Homeopathy</term><term>Practice Patterns, Physicians'</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="statistiques et données numériques" xml:lang="fr"><term>Homéopathie</term><term>Types de pratiques des médecins</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="traitement médicamenteux" xml:lang="fr"><term>Infections de l'appareil respiratoire</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="usage thérapeutique" xml:lang="fr"><term>Anti-inflammatoires</term><term>Antibactériens</term><term>Antipyrétiques</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Adolescent</term><term>Adult</term><term>Aged</term><term>Child</term><term>Child, Preschool</term><term>Cohort Studies</term><term>Disease Management</term><term>Family Practice</term><term>Female</term><term>France</term><term>Health Care Surveys</term><term>Humans</term><term>Infant</term><term>Infant, Newborn</term><term>Male</term><term>Middle Aged</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Adolescent</term><term>Adulte</term><term>Adulte d'âge moyen</term><term>Enfant</term><term>Enfant d'âge préscolaire</term><term>Enquêtes sur les soins de santé</term><term>Femelle</term><term>France</term><term>Humains</term><term>Mâle</term><term>Médecine de famille</term><term>Nourrisson</term><term>Nouveau-né</term><term>Prise en charge de la maladie</term><term>Sujet âgé</term><term>Études de cohortes</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>BACKGROUND</b></p><p>Prescribing of antibiotics for upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) varies substantially in primary care.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>OBJECTIVES</b></p><p>To describe and compare antibiotic and antipyretic/anti-inflammatory drugs use, URTI symptoms' resolution and occurrence of potentially-associated infections in patients seeking care from general practitioners (GPs) who exclusively prescribe conventional medications (GP-CM), regularly prescribe homeopathy within a mixed practice (GP-Mx), or are certified homeopathic GPs (GP-Ho).</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>METHOD</b></p><p>The EPI3 survey was a nationwide population-based study of a representative sample of 825 GPs and their patients in France (2007-2008). GP recruitment was stratified by self-declared homeopathic prescribing preferences. Adults and children with confirmed URTI were asked to participate in a standardized telephone interview at inclusion, one-, three- and twelve-month follow up. Study outcomes included medication consumption, URTI symptoms' resolution and potentially-associated infections (sinusitis or otitis media/externa) as reported by patients. Analyses included calibration to account for non-respondents and groups were compared using multivate analyses adjusting for baseline differences with a propensity score.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>RESULTS</b></p><p>518 adults and children with URTI (79.3% rhinopharyngitis) were included (36.9% response rate comparable between groups). As opposed to GP-CM patients, patients in the GP-Ho group showed significantly lower consumption of antibiotics (Odds ratio (OR) = 0.43, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.27-0.68) and antipyretic/anti-inflammatory drugs (OR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.38-0.76) with similar evolution in related symptoms (OR = 1.16, 95% CI: 0.64-2.10). An excess of potentially-associated infections (OR = 1.70, 95% CI: 0.90-3.20) was observed in the GP-Ho group (not statistically significant). No difference was found between GP-CM and GP-Mx patients.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>CONCLUSION</b></p><p>Patients who chose to consult GPs certified in homeopathy used less antibiotics and antipyretic/anti-inflammatory drugs for URTI than those seen by GPs prescribing conventional medications. No difference was observed in patients consulting GPs within mixed-practice. A non-statistically significant excess was estimated through modelling for associated infections in the GP-Ho group and needs to be further studied.</p></div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">24646513</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2014</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>23</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2018</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>02</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic-eCollection"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1932-6203</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>9</Volume><Issue>3</Issue><PubDate><Year>2014</Year></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>PloS one</Title><ISOAbbreviation>PLoS One</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Management of upper respiratory tract infections by different medical practices, including homeopathy, and consumption of antibiotics in primary care: the EPI3 cohort study in France 2007-2008.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>e89990</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1371/journal.pone.0089990</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText Label="BACKGROUND" NlmCategory="BACKGROUND">Prescribing of antibiotics for upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) varies substantially in primary care.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="OBJECTIVES" NlmCategory="OBJECTIVE">To describe and compare antibiotic and antipyretic/anti-inflammatory drugs use, URTI symptoms' resolution and occurrence of potentially-associated infections in patients seeking care from general practitioners (GPs) who exclusively prescribe conventional medications (GP-CM), regularly prescribe homeopathy within a mixed practice (GP-Mx), or are certified homeopathic GPs (GP-Ho).</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="METHOD" NlmCategory="METHODS">The EPI3 survey was a nationwide population-based study of a representative sample of 825 GPs and their patients in France (2007-2008). GP recruitment was stratified by self-declared homeopathic prescribing preferences. Adults and children with confirmed URTI were asked to participate in a standardized telephone interview at inclusion, one-, three- and twelve-month follow up. Study outcomes included medication consumption, URTI symptoms' resolution and potentially-associated infections (sinusitis or otitis media/externa) as reported by patients. Analyses included calibration to account for non-respondents and groups were compared using multivate analyses adjusting for baseline differences with a propensity score.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="RESULTS" NlmCategory="RESULTS">518 adults and children with URTI (79.3% rhinopharyngitis) were included (36.9% response rate comparable between groups). As opposed to GP-CM patients, patients in the GP-Ho group showed significantly lower consumption of antibiotics (Odds ratio (OR) = 0.43, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.27-0.68) and antipyretic/anti-inflammatory drugs (OR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.38-0.76) with similar evolution in related symptoms (OR = 1.16, 95% CI: 0.64-2.10). An excess of potentially-associated infections (OR = 1.70, 95% CI: 0.90-3.20) was observed in the GP-Ho group (not statistically significant). No difference was found between GP-CM and GP-Mx patients.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="CONCLUSION" NlmCategory="CONCLUSIONS">Patients who chose to consult GPs certified in homeopathy used less antibiotics and antipyretic/anti-inflammatory drugs for URTI than those seen by GPs prescribing conventional medications. No difference was observed in patients consulting GPs within mixed-practice. A non-statistically significant excess was estimated through modelling for associated infections in the GP-Ho group and needs to be further studied.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Grimaldi-Bensouda</LastName><ForeName>Lamiae</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>LA-SER, Paris, France; Pharmacoepidemiology and Infectious Diseases Research Group, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bégaud</LastName><ForeName>Bernard</ForeName><Initials>B</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>INSERM U657, University of Bordeaux Segalen, U657, Bordeaux, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rossignol</LastName><ForeName>Michel</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; LA-SER Center for Risk Research, Montreal, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Avouac</LastName><ForeName>Bernard</ForeName><Initials>B</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>LA-SER, Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lert</LastName><ForeName>France</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>INSERM U1018, Center for Epidemiology and Population Health, Villejuif, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rouillon</LastName><ForeName>Frederic</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Sainte-Anne Hospital, University of Paris V René Descartes, Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bénichou</LastName><ForeName>Jacques</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>INSERM U657, Pharmacoepidemiology and evaluation of the impact of health products on human health, Department of Pharmacology, University Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, Tondu Hospital - Case 41, Bordeaux, France; Department of Biostatistics, University Hospital of Rouen, Rouen, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Massol</LastName><ForeName>Jacques</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Faculty of Medicine, University of Franche Comté, Besançon, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Duru</LastName><ForeName>Gerard</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Cyklad Group, Rillieux la Pape, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Magnier</LastName><ForeName>Anne-Marie</ForeName><Initials>AM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Faculty of Medicine, University Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Abenhaim</LastName><ForeName>Lucien</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; LA-SER Europe Limited, London, United Kingdom.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Guillemot</LastName><ForeName>Didier</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Pasteur Institute, Paris, France; Faculty of Medicine, University of Paris-Ile de France Ouest, Guyancourt, Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013485">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2014</Year><Month>03</Month><Day>19</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>United States</Country><MedlineTA>PLoS One</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101285081</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>1932-6203</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D000900">Anti-Bacterial Agents</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D000893">Anti-Inflammatory Agents</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D058633">Antipyretics</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000293" MajorTopicYN="N">Adolescent</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000328" MajorTopicYN="N">Adult</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000368" MajorTopicYN="N">Aged</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000900" MajorTopicYN="N">Anti-Bacterial Agents</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="Y">therapeutic use</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000893" MajorTopicYN="N">Anti-Inflammatory Agents</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="Y">therapeutic use</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D058633" MajorTopicYN="N">Antipyretics</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="Y">therapeutic use</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D002648" MajorTopicYN="N">Child</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D002675" MajorTopicYN="N">Child, Preschool</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D015331" MajorTopicYN="N">Cohort Studies</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D019468" MajorTopicYN="N">Disease Management</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005194" MajorTopicYN="N">Family Practice</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005260" MajorTopicYN="N">Female</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005602" MajorTopicYN="N">France</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D058005" MajorTopicYN="N">General Practitioners</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000523" MajorTopicYN="N">psychology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D019538" MajorTopicYN="N">Health Care Surveys</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006705" MajorTopicYN="N">Homeopathy</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000706" MajorTopicYN="Y">statistics & numerical data</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D007223" MajorTopicYN="N">Infant</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D007231" MajorTopicYN="N">Infant, Newborn</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008297" MajorTopicYN="N">Male</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008875" MajorTopicYN="N">Middle Aged</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D010818" MajorTopicYN="N">Practice Patterns, Physicians'</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000706" MajorTopicYN="Y">statistics & numerical data</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D012141" MajorTopicYN="N">Respiratory Tract Infections</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000188" MajorTopicYN="Y">drug therapy</QualifierName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2013</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>16</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2014</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>28</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2014</Year><Month>3</Month><Day>21</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate 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Normandie</li><li>Île-de-France</li></region><settlement><li>Besançon</li><li>Bordeaux</li><li>Londres</li><li>Montréal</li><li>Paris</li><li>Rouen</li><li>Villejuif</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université McGill</li></orgName></list><tree><country name="France"><region name="Île-de-France"><name sortKey="Grimaldi Bensouda, Lamiae" sort="Grimaldi Bensouda, Lamiae" uniqKey="Grimaldi Bensouda L" first="Lamiae" last="Grimaldi-Bensouda">Lamiae Grimaldi-Bensouda</name></region><name sortKey="Avouac, Bernard" sort="Avouac, Bernard" uniqKey="Avouac B" first="Bernard" last="Avouac">Bernard Avouac</name><name sortKey="Begaud, Bernard" sort="Begaud, Bernard" uniqKey="Begaud B" first="Bernard" last="Bégaud">Bernard Bégaud</name><name sortKey="Benichou, Jacques" sort="Benichou, Jacques" uniqKey="Benichou J" first="Jacques" last="Bénichou">Jacques Bénichou</name><name sortKey="Duru, Gerard" sort="Duru, Gerard" uniqKey="Duru G" first="Gerard" last="Duru">Gerard Duru</name><name sortKey="Guillemot, 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